Category Archives: Lecture

Consider a physical system consisting of $k$ massive particles at positions in $\mathbb{R}^3$ which we can assemble in a vector in $\mathbf{q}\in\mathbb{R}^m$ where $m=3k$. Likewise, the velocities of these particles at a given instant of time can be described by … Continue reading →

Let $\Sigma = (V,E,F)$ be a triangulated surface (with boundary). A realization of the surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$ is given by a map $p:V \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ such that $p_i,p_j,p_k$ form a non degenerated triangle in $\mathbb{R}^3$ for all $\{i,j,k\} \in \Sigma$, … Continue reading →

Let $M= \left(V, E, F \right)$ be an oriented triangulated surface without boundary and $p:V \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3$ a realization. In earlier lectures we considered the space of piecewise linear functions on $M$: \[W_{PL}:=\left\{ \tilde{f} :M\rightarrow \mathbb{R} \, \big \vert \,\left. … Continue reading →

Let $M$ be a triangulated domain with the functionspace: \[W_{PL}:=\bigl\{f:M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\,\bigl\vert\bigr.\,\,\,\left. f\right|_{T_{\sigma}} \mbox{ is affine for all } \sigma \in \Sigma_2 \bigr\}.\] On the interior of each triangle $T_{\sigma}$ in $M$ the gradient of a function $g \in W$ is well … Continue reading →

Let $M \subset \mathbb{R}^2$ be a domain with smooth boundary $\partial M$ and outpointing normal vector field $N$. For a smooth function $f \in C^{\infty}(M,\mathbb{R})$ the gradient vector field $\mbox{grad} \, f :M \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$ is defined as : \[ … Continue reading →

Let $M\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be an open set and $f:M\to \mathbb{R}^k$ a smooth map. Then for each $p\in M$ the Jacobian $f'(p)$ is a $k\times n$ matrix. The derivative $d_pf$ of $f$ at $p$ then is the linear map given by … Continue reading →

Quaternions, $\mathbb{H}$ are a number system like real or complex numbers but with 4 dimensions. In particular, $\mathbb{H}$ is nothing but $\mathbb{R}^4$ together with a multiplication law. The identification of $\mathbb{H}$ and $\mathbb{R}^4$ is given by: $$ \mathbb{H} = \lbrace … Continue reading →

Stereographic projection \[\sigma: \mathbb{R}^n \to S^n \setminus \{\mathbf{n}\}\] where \[\mathbf{n}=(0,\ldots,0,1)\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\] is the northpole of $S^n$ is a special case of an inversion: Let us consider the hypersphere $S\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ with center $\mathbf{n}$ and radius $r=\sqrt{2}$ and look at the image of \[\mathbb{R}^n =\left\{\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\,{\large … Continue reading →

Let $M\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be a domain. A smooth map $f:M \to \mathbb{R}^n$ is called conformal if there is a smooth function $\phi:M\to \mathbb{R}$ and a smooth map $A$ from $M$ into the group $O(n)$ of orthogonal $n\times n$-matrices such that … Continue reading →

If $M\subset\mathbb{R}^2$ is a plane domain and the image of parametrized surface $f:M\to \mathbb{R}^3$ is contained in \[\mathbb{R}^2=\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb{R}^3\,\,|\,\, z=0\}\] then the defining equations of a conformal map \begin{align*}\left|f_u\right|&=\left|f_v\right| \\\\ \langle f_u,f_v\rangle &=0\end{align*} imply that $\left|f_v\right|$ arises from $\left|f_v\right|$ by … Continue reading →